Canadian Model Of Occupational Performance Health And Social Care Essay

Canadian Model Of Occupational Performance Health And Social Care Essay Different literary works propose various wordings in word related treatment relying upon the way of thinking. Henceforth, it is basic to carry importance to supporting words with the end goal of this task. National Health Service (NHS) characterize word related treatment as the assessment and treatment of physical and mental conditions utilizing distinct and intentional exercises to forestall handicap and energize free capacities in all parts of day by day life (www.nhscareers.nhsuk, 2008). Word related treatment is an order that helps individuals of any age to accomplish wellbeing and life fulfillment through improving their capacity to do the exercises that they need or decide to do in their day by day lives (College of Occupational Therapists [COT] 2006a). Word related specialists evaluate the effect of changes in engine work, sensation, coordination, visual recognition, and perception on a people skill to participate in day by day life errands. Mediation upgrades inclusion in significant jobs, assignments, and exercises; limits auxiliary inconveniences; and gives preparing and backing to the patient and guardians. (Rowland, 2008) Word related advisors focuses on autonomy and capacity, people objective setting, and their master abilities in task adjustment and natural adjustment underline the callings commitment to stroke restoration. (Rowland 2008) The major plan of word related treatment is predicated on word related execution, it tries to improve wellbeing and prosperity of an individual by restricting word related brokenness that is, the point at which an individual can't expressive himself inside his socio-social and physical condition on account of sickness, inability or absence of empowering abilities crucial for adapting like the instance of stroke in David. Foundation data on stroke The conclusion built up that David had stroke, an impediment in the center cerebral corridor. Stroke is the third most normal reason for death in the UK; an estimation of 150,000 individuals has stroked every year and roughly 30% of individuals passing on in the month after a stroke and 67,000 passings every year. It is additionally the best reason for serious handicap, 35% of all survivors are essentially debilitated and will require help with day by day occupation (Department of Health, 2001; Office of National Statistics, 2001;British Hearth Foundation, 2005). The World Health Organization (WHO) characterizes stroke as a clinical condition, of assumed vascular inception, embodied by quickly creating indications of central or worldwide unsettling influence of cerebral capacity enduring over 24 hours or prompting demise (WHO, 1978). The two wide causes are ischemia and drain. Ischemic stroke results from a blockage of cerebral vessel and can be additionally grouped into apoplexy or embolism. Hemorrhagic stroke results from the crack of a vein. Blood is discharge out of the vascular space, slicing off pathways and prompting constrain wounds to cerebrum tissue. It could be either intracerebral (seeping into the mind itself) or subarachnoid (seeping into a region encompassing the cerebrum) brought about by hypertension, arteriovenous contortion, or aneurysm (Batel, 2004). Summation OF DAVID David, a senior fire fighter official was brought into the world 45 years prior and had labored for a long time on a fulltime premise. He crumbled at work two months back and was determined to have a left Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) or stroke. An output following his affirmation uncovered an impediment in the center cerebral vein. He was eager and peevish, reacting to order truly however no verbal reaction, and couldn't move his correct upper and lower appendages. His pulse is 180/75, Blood NAD. Pee testing uncovered an elevated level of sugar. He is a pleased family man, wedded for 22years, amazingly amiable with solid energy for football. APPLIED THEORTICAL MODEL A model is an improved portrayal of a marvel that can represent certain information/connections or an incorporated assortment of information that joins hypothesis and practice(Finlay, 2004 p73). Model gives us an approach to outline a people issues and treatment (Finlay, 2004). Alternately, the hypothetical course on which these casings of reference are established isn't clear, this is the reason it is so confounded to follow their core value to initiate occupationally based practice (Ikiugu, 2004).â The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP): Is utilized to direct in Davids wellbeing needs since it will accentuation on word related execution of David as an individual, by means of occupation and condition, CMOP will fundamentally break down the segments of Davids full of feeling, subjective, physical parts and otherworldliness, the otherworldliness speak to the internal quality that will permits David to continue working notwithstanding extraordinary difficulties and affliction by drawing in him in intentional word related exercises, that impacts his presentation zones and achieve wellbeing and prosperity inside the setting of versatile condition fit for David. Customer focused practice initially advanced in brain science. It consolidates with frameworks approach, ecological hypothesis and investigation into stream by Csikszentmihalyi to gave CMOP an expansive interdisciplinary base of information [1][3][4]. He braces on investigation of stream, the abstract mental express that happens when we are completely adsorbed in a movement. He found that stream state includes feeling better, exceedingly propelled and being in the zone. During stream, fixation can be exceptional to such an extent that there is loss of reluctance a short lived relief from ones concerns; stream additionally advances self - regard, life fulfillment and the inclination to adapt to pressure. This is in opposition to the idea of word related equalization which is an increasingly mind boggling and all encompassing idea identified with balance in way of life and errands. Parity is about the connection between an individual ,their occupations and their worlds.The models natio nal improvement is a one of a kind component thus CMOP doesn't mirror the perspectives on any one person. Be that as it may while some expect the model has no social predisposition and adjustment has been supported, little examination has been led into the adequacy of its application in non western social orders [10][11][12] APPLYING CMOP TO DAVID SELF CARE The underlying procedure of word related treatment evaluation includes interviews with the David and his family to set up recently held life jobs and the assignments and exercises that were finished inside these jobs. Observational evaluation is attempted of individual self-care assignments, including showering, dressing, toileting, prepping, and eating, and local or instrumental undertakings, including feast planning, shopping, cleaning, clothing, and the board of funds and drugs. Setting up the degree of help required in every one of these zones and Davids needs will enables the word related advisor to target recovery mediations fittingly and to gauge progress towards Davids objectives. Perception of action constraints permits the word related specialist to recognize the debilitations that support these confinements, including the engine, tactile and subjective effect of stroke. (Rowland, 2008) Efficiency Davis was a fulltime fire fighter contender before the stroke appraisal with respect to come back to work starts in the intense setting. The word related advisor assembles a background marked by the patients occupation, i.e., work obligations (recurrence and term) and work conditions (hours, condition, and so on.). Utilizing the consequences of appraisal of the sensorimotor, intellectual, visual-perceptual, and mental capacities of the patient, the word related specialist with the assistance of professional recovery advisor will considers David possibility of coming back to work, additionally lead a working environment evaluation and arrange a reviewed come back to work hours an obligations (Trombly, 2002). Recreation: David before the stroke takes part in relaxation exercises he was a football fan and a football trainer these are profoundly social exercises that realizes his social incorporation. David determines bliss, satisfaction unwinding, fervor, and incitement. A word related specialist will look for approaches to reconnect him in these exercises to upgrade different territories of word related execution. Customer Centered CMOP is spreads customer centeredness which advances reliant community oriented connection among customers and specialist, result measure empowering customer to rate significance, execution and fulfillment with self - care efficiency and relaxation exercises they have to, need to, or are required to. Thusly, a word related advisor along with David will detail the accompanying feasible result as long haul objectives: David to increase expanded somatosensory recognition and will utilize compensatory techniques request to perform ADL securely; David will pick up quality, continuance, and control of development in furthest point so as to utilize this during execution of ADL because of the way that he is by and by incapable to move his correct upper and lower appendages. It likewise incorporates how David can improve engine arranging capacity so as to relearn old techniques or relearn new strategies for performing ADL. EVIRONMENTAL ADAPTATION Word related advisor is progressively stressed over how David will work viably and freely in the home condition and to get to the network. The word related specialist will assess the requirement for a home evaluation, contemplating the natural hindrances, explicit disabilities, danger of falls, and the necessities of the patient/carer. The reason for the appraisal is to build up whether it is alright for David to come back to their pre-stroke condition or perceive how nature could be adjusted to fit David.The evaluation includes watching Davids capacity to truly arrange his condition and play out his standard exercises. For example, the word related specialist may survey Davids capacity to securely move from their

The Fall Of Rome Essay Paper Example For Students

The Fall Of Rome Essay Paper The Fall of RomeThe Roman Empire was undoubtedly themost ground-breaking overseeing body in the Mediterranean ever. For what reason did Rome fall?There was no single reason to the fall of Rome. It was numerous thingsoccurring in progression to one another. After the Punic wars with Carthage, Romeacquired numerous new terrains that it didn't have previously. During harmony timesit was anything but difficult to administer these territories yet during war times it demonstrated troublesome. The legislature needed to pay warriors to watch the wildernesses of the empire;it could no longer depend on the plunder to fill in as the compensation for the officers. This took a lot of cash out of the Roman treasury. Someemperors needed to set aside cash and made the military too little to even think about having controlover such an enormous domain. The economy of Rome was likewise languishing. Rome was bringing in merchandise from its states however wasnt sending out nearlyas much. This made an irregularity of exchange. The settlements were creatingtheir own completed products and no longer depended on Rome for them. New coinswere then made out of lead and gold to debase the cash. Merchantsnow charged more cash in light of the fact that these new coins were not worth as much asthe old ones. This made expansion, this issue tormented the realm untilits fall. The issue of progression likewise contributedto the fall of Rome. There was never a set arrangement of progression. Afterthe demise of a ruler, commanders contended with one another for power. Oncesomeone picked up power they didnt rule for long; somebody frequently assassinatedthem. This debilitated the authority of Rome; defilement was normal and lawwas nearly non-existent. Diocletian attempted to make changes to makethe domain as solid as it was previously. He understood that the realm wastoo enormous for one individual to administer, he split the domain down the middle and tookcontrol of eastern part himself. He at that point selected a co-head to rulein the west. He likewise rearranged the issues in the common help andmade them liable straightforwardly to the ruler. He expanded the size ofthe armed force and prepared them better. To improve the financial wellbeing of theempire, Diocletian set cutoff points on costs and wages to hinder swelling. To give some security in agribusiness and assembling, he requested peopleto remain in their employments. There was no space for advancement. Diocletian diedin 305 A.D. In 324 A.D. Constantine took over as head. He rejoined the east and west under his own standard. He likewise assembled another capitalat Byzantium, on the Bosporus. He named this city Constantinople. Constantinewanted another capital that would be a Christian city, not an agnostic one. Hecontinued the approaches of Diocletian. Individuals saw no compelling reason to buckle down withno possibility of excelling. These changes just eased back down the processof breakdown. After Constantines demise in 337 A.D., the domain was againdivided. Toward the north of the Rhine and Danube rivers,lived a gathering of individuals known as the German clans. They were herders andfarmers who had moved from Scandinavia. As their populace developed, theybegan to search for new land. They concluded that moving into the Roman Empirewas a smart thought. The Roman armed force was extend far and could scarcely adapt withthe Germans. In the fourth century, the Huns, a traveling people from centralAsia, started assaulting the German clans. Subsequently the clans searched for protectionfrom the Huns in the Empire. They got consent from the Emperorto live in the Empire. After several years the Romans sent an armyto rout the Germans and neglected to overcome them. This demonstrated Romewas not powerful. The Germans kept on sacking the west; they invadedItaly and sacked Rome. Rome purchased harmony by giving the Germans most ofGaul and Spain. The Huns at that point walked into Rome and they were adequately defeatedby Rome and its German partners . The west of the Empire turned into a wreck withno one in any genuine control. .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63 , .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63 .postImageUrl , .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63 , .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63:hover , .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63:visited , .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63:active { border:0!important; } .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63:active , .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63:hover { haziness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-beautification: underline; } .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enhancement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c 207c45f63 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Homeless Voting EssayIn the east, Constantinople continuedto be the legislative hall city. Its rulers called themselves Roman heads andits individuals were Roman residents dependent upon Roman law. Valid, the westernportion of the Empire was disintegrating, however all through the fifth and sixthcenturies the individuals of the east could state point of fact that the RomanEmpire had not fallen. There was no sure official date whenRome was considered to fall. Numerous students of history however, trust it was in476 A.D. A little German boss, Odoacer caught Rome and declared himselfking. The city of Rome was at last ousted. Regardless of this, the peoplewho lived all through the Empire viewed themselves as Roman residents andfollowed Roman laws. In the East Rome was as yet solid. Indeed, even today we haveadopted a considerable lot of the Roman lifestyles. Rome affected each civilizationafter and it could be said we are on the whole Roman residents. The incomparable Empire of Rome, the greatestpower to ever run the Mediterranean had fallen. It was unfathomable. Theirfaults in governmental issues, financial matters and different things added to their fall. There was nobody single reason; it was numerous things occurring immediately, whichcaused the fall of Rome. The pioneers of today should take a gander at Romes mistakesand be certain not to make similar ones once more.

Aldous Huxley Essay

Aldous Huxley catches the impact of the utilization of logical techniques to methodology in the advanced American culture to a more considerable degree than any other time in recent memory, perceived by perusers of his novel, Brave New World. This depicts a world revolved around logical advancement and control. Huxley exposes the furthest point of impact given to Americans by progressive science. With an end goal to always improve, society has adjusted to numerous methods of fixing flaws. From medical procedures and prescriptions for fair sicklings to infusions for eager, bombastic abusers, individuals overall have changed from past times worth remembering to the quick paced, materialistic world. While disclosures in science are regularly to help society, is it conceivable that these freshly discovered fortunes are really an introduction for decay and ruin? Since most young ladies could recall, the main way it appeared to be conceivable to become fruitful was by living in the assemblage of Cinderella or Barbie or Miss America. As they developed, not all that much. The picture stayed as a delightful bean pole when media and big names were continually tossed in their face. Before, on the off chance that they didn’t have â€Å"the look†, they were left sad and hesitant. Fortunately, some dolt concluded they would manhandle the intensity of nature and science by furnishing these young ladies with a solution to their supplications. Plastic Surgery! What they didn’t represent was the effect. Presently, not exclusively were the glitzy permitted to have the picture, everybody was-once more, lessening the trust in the female populace and empowering another companion, harassing. Additionally, it is influencing the emotional wellness of kids in this prideful society. Studies and late research show that â€Å" Teens see plastic medical procedure as an approach to fit in and look satisfactory to companions and peers† (Plastic Surgery). How could it be that society has permitted this harm to occur? The first aims of these various kinds of medical procedures were straightforward. Science isn’t the one to be considered mindful, rather the instabilities of certain

Essay on Modern and Middle Ages

Article on Modern and Middle Ages Article on Modern and Middle Ages A noticeable distinction between the Renaissance and Middle Ages is that of the craftsmanship. The Renaissance craftsmen followed the more traditional type of workmanship. They depicted human excellence and the religion prevalently. The Renaissance specialists had a profound feeling of point of view and created two dimensional impacts. Michelangelo’s David is a genuine case of Renaissance workmanship. The Middle Ages depicted Gothic craftsmanship. The Gothic style of design is portrayed by pointed curves and ribbed vaults. This type of depiction fused fine woodwork and stonework. The Gothic workmanship utilized flying braces and fancy peaks. A genuine case of the medieval age is the Notre Dame Cathedral situated in Paris. Another purpose of examination between the Renaissance and Middle Ages is the writing. The advancement of the print machine was the best social accomplishment of the Renaissance. This urged the essayists to write in the neighborhood language. The journalists followed and exchanged over to vernacular from Greek and Latin. The writing in this age accomplished new statures as Elizabethan writing. In the writing was additionally a depiction of people, called Humanism, seen. In the Medieval ages, the English writing confronted a dim stage. The dialects of that time were Latin and Greek. Writers of that age utilized material paper, and all the content was carefully manually written by a prepared copyist. In the Middle Ages the intensity of chapel was at its pinnacle. The congregation impacted

ROMANITC LOVE TOPIC IN BOTH RENAISSANCE LIERATURE AND MUSIC Essay

ROMANITC LOVE TOPIC IN BOTH RENAISSANCE LIERATURE AND MUSIC - Essay Example This has risen above to madrigal vocalists who initially just sang mainstream music yet in the end accepting sentimental love as a major aspect of their music collection. In this way madrigal vocalists took a turn with renaissance works as they started singing affection melodies from the conventional sing of commendation. The most conceivable explanation that be reasoned is to this is renaissance poems fit the very much made arrangement of madrigals also that the loftiness of the topic of adoration approaches the loftiness of Praise. Not at all like a regular artist which we know today, madrigals are commonly made out of a few people made out of four vocal parts †the soprano, alto, tenor and the pass. Soprano and alto are ordinarily sung by ladies because of its high pitch while the tenor and bass are normally sung by men. A madrigal vocalist endeavors to communicate forceful feeling contained in a very much made line out of which a praised work makes an ideal fit. Madrigals can likewise be said as the most noteworthy type of music that regularly offers just to the developed and the educated because of the advancement of its medium. It follows then that the words articulated by a madrigal music should likewise be equivalent to its structure and what better lines can be sung by a madrigal than the deliberate meter of a work. Madrigals were generally sang for common purposes however in the long run advanced to likewise sing commended love pieces of renaissance writing because of the loftiness of its words and reason that equivalent to an applause. Its exceptionally organized singing had intercourse poems an ideal for the vehicle of a madrigal along these lines speaking to the advanced crowd. Today be that as it may, madrigal has developed further. It despite everything sing love melodies however no longer limit itself to the works of renaissance writing but the poems of the renaissance writing set the bar of the verses that can be sang by

Top 6 Instagram Accounts Students Should Follow

Top 6 Instagram Accounts Students Should Follow Here are 6 Instagram accounts that all students should follow Here are 6 Instagram accounts that all students should follow Do you ever find yourself aimlessly scrolling through Instagram at various points during the day? If so, you’re likely one of the millions of millennials that carries a smartphone everywhere you go. If you find your feed to be a little dull or you simply want to see more useful and relatable content, here are 6 Instagram accounts that you need to follow! 1. @thegoodquote Managing your student life can be stressful and overwhelming. With the need to juggle deadlines, finances, a social life, and missing home, a bit of positive reinforcement can go a long way. This account posts positive, inspiring quotes, messages, and stories that will help keep you motivated. 2. @buzzfeed Do you live for relatable memes? There’s nothing quite as satisfying as seeing a meme that perfectly describes a situation you, or someone you know, is currently facing. Buzzfeed is a hilarious account to follow and you will definitely find yourself tagging your peers in several of their epic posts. 3. @budgetbytes You don’t need to be rich to eat well, but you do need to have some good ideas and tips on how to cook good food! Budget Bytes is a practical (and delicious-looking) account for students to follow since it provides recipe ideas that don’t carry a hefty cost. 4. @humansofny Along with images of everyday people comes stories that are humbling, relatable, and inspiring. So, why should you follow it? Being a student means that you are meeting different people on a regular basis. You may click with some, and may not really find a common ground with others. However, it’s important to remember that everybody has their own story and this account is a constant reminder of that. 5. @awesome.earth When school becomes overwhelming â€" as it does for many students â€" it can be easy to feel hopeless and like the walls are closing in. The stunning images and locations pictured via @awesome.earth offer a visual representation that the world is much bigger than your current situation. Whether you dream of travelling the world or simply enjoy photography, this account is intricate and beautiful all at the same time. 6. @homeworkhelpglobal Do you like reading up on the latest student tips, trends, and random facts? @homeworkhelpglobal is the ultimate student hub that offers it all. With a new livestream weekly series and links to helpful reads on our blog, we curate material that is meaningful for all students. Want to know more about what Homework Help Global has to offer? Contact us to learn more. Top 6 Instagram Accounts Students Should Follow Here are 6 Instagram accounts that all students should follow Here are 6 Instagram accounts that all students should follow Do you ever find yourself aimlessly scrolling through Instagram at various points during the day? If so, you’re likely one of the millions of millennials that carries a smartphone everywhere you go. If you find your feed to be a little dull or you simply want to see more useful and relatable content, here are 6 Instagram accounts that you need to follow! 1. @thegoodquote Managing your student life can be stressful and overwhelming. With the need to juggle deadlines, finances, a social life, and missing home, a bit of positive reinforcement can go a long way. This account posts positive, inspiring quotes, messages, and stories that will help keep you motivated. 2. @buzzfeed Do you live for relatable memes? There’s nothing quite as satisfying as seeing a meme that perfectly describes a situation you, or someone you know, is currently facing. Buzzfeed is a hilarious account to follow and you will definitely find yourself tagging your peers in several of their epic posts. 3. @budgetbytes You don’t need to be rich to eat well, but you do need to have some good ideas and tips on how to cook good food! Budget Bytes is a practical (and delicious-looking) account for students to follow since it provides recipe ideas that don’t carry a hefty cost. 4. @humansofny Along with images of everyday people comes stories that are humbling, relatable, and inspiring. So, why should you follow it? Being a student means that you are meeting different people on a regular basis. You may click with some, and may not really find a common ground with others. However, it’s important to remember that everybody has their own story and this account is a constant reminder of that. 5. @awesome.earth When school becomes overwhelming â€" as it does for many students â€" it can be easy to feel hopeless and like the walls are closing in. The stunning images and locations pictured via @awesome.earth offer a visual representation that the world is much bigger than your current situation. Whether you dream of travelling the world or simply enjoy photography, this account is intricate and beautiful all at the same time. 6. @homeworkhelpglobal Do you like reading up on the latest student tips, trends, and random facts? @homeworkhelpglobal is the ultimate student hub that offers it all. With a new livestream weekly series and links to helpful reads on our blog, we curate material that is meaningful for all students. Want to know more about what Homework Help Global has to offer? Contact us to learn more!

English Development and Other Englishes - 1925 Words

English Development and Other Englishes (Lab Report Sample) Content: New England University( BINF 550 )127028956000Estimation of Genetic Variability between Populations(Diversity of Genetic Between Three types of cattle)127046990000Faten AlrashaidMay 18, 2014Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u LIST OF TABLES PAGEREF _Toc415854373 \h iiiLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS PAGEREF _Toc415854374 \h iv1. Introduction PAGEREF _Toc415854375 \h 12. Background information PAGEREF _Toc415854376 \h 2Contribution by other authors (critical) PAGEREF _Toc415854377 \h 32. Literature review PAGEREF _Toc415854378 \h 33. Method PAGEREF _Toc415854379 \h 34. Presentation of results PAGEREF _Toc415854380 \h 5Variability relationship between eight of the breads PAGEREF _Toc415854381 \h 55. Discussion of the results PAGEREF _Toc415854382 \h 76. Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc415854383 \h 7References PAGEREF _Toc415854384 \h 9LIST OF TABLESTOC \h \z \c "Table" Table 1, Distribution of the heterozygote alleles in the population PAGEREF _Toc415853063 \h 7Table 2, heterozygosity in the b reeds PAGEREF _Toc415853064 \h 7Table 3: Calculation on frequencies in each population PAGEREF _Toc415853065 \h 8LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSSNP à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ single nucleotide polymorphFST à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ F-StatisticsUSA à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ United States of AmericaAbstractGenetic variation is the diversity within gene frequencies; the variation can lead to differences among a population or between populations. Mutation, Sexual reproduction and gene flow are activities that contribute to genetic variations in a given species. Mutation is the change that occurs in the DNA of an organism, gene flow like genetic drift is an activity that contributes to variation by movement of genes from one population to another (Andersson LÃÆ'nn, 2007).The research project will estimate the level of variability existing between Angus, Brahman and Santa cattle breeds: the aims will include establishing whether Santa and Angus cattle breeds show significant genetic variation from the Brahman cattle breedsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ .The research assumed that there was no significant variation between the genotypes of the three breeds to be able to test the variation if it exist. The null hypothesis stated that there was a significant genetic variation in the Angus and Santa cattle breeds as compared to the Brahman breed. While the alternative hypothesis stated that there was no significant genetic variability between Angus and Santa cattle breeds and the Brahman breed. Studying their genetic variability will certainly help researchers in considering whether the latter on discussed factors, contributed to an improved beef production or not, which was the objective of the research study. The gene pool considered in the study could be established with the aim of carrying out selection for genetic variability in animals. Results obtained in this research paper indicated the possibility of a strong correlation between cattle breeds selected for beef and increase in genetic variability.1. IntroductionGiving a particula r focus on sexual reproduction as the source of Variability, genetic variation will result from mating of any two potential parents so that their inheritable different characters are distributed throughout the succeeding generations in a population Ashley, Wilson, Pergrams, Dowd, Gende Brown (2003). Currently in a given research study it was noted that variation can be used in the treatment of hepatitis c virus, which is a blood born infection. The research was done in the United States of America. Hepatitis c virus infection was noted to be the most common blood borne viral infection. The variation was noted to contribute to the manner in which the immune system responded to the drugs meant for treatment of hepatitis c virus; this variation was linked to differences in resistance and clearance of the virus among different individuals David L. T, Chloe L. T, Maureen, Ying, Donglian., Colm, Judith, Kenneth, Salim, Graeme, James, Gregory, Sharyne, Hugo, Leslie, Michael John David Ma ry (2009).Brahman is a European ancestral breed that might have undergone variations in its genotype due to ecological conditions it experienced. Their origin was traced back to India, but natural selection has been complimented by selective breeding that peaked in the last century with the development of well-defined breed types with a large genetic diversity (Porto-Neto, 2014). Santa cattle breeds were developed by mating Brahman bulls with pure breeds of beef shorthorn varieties. They were bred to achieve a genetically based progress in weight and hence arrive at a desired breed type (Santa Gertrudis). Brahman breeds developed remarkable adaptations for survival (Ok State Education), which was explored for selective breeding particularly in USA. Selective breeding have been done in USA to produce beef varieties of Brahman and polled varieties. Therefore, the Angus, Santa and Brahman cattle breeds have been developed for beef in different environments.2. Background informationGene tic variation contributes to species evolution over time. Such distribution in freely breeding species result in genetic variability in the population thereby, molding the evolution of species across all taxa (Porto-Neto Barendse ( 2014).Genetic variations emanate from variations in the genotypes of mating partners which occur under the influence of a number natural selection although human tailored selections are also prevalent (Lush, 1943). genomic signatures of selection is a contemporary scientific method which will help in discerning and studying genetic changes in the gene pool of a given population. This research study will focus on genetic variability in three cattle breeds and will be discerned using scientific computational methods. In recent research study, genetic variation have been used to show the impact of brains anterior cingulate cortex, in brain network when mediating a conflict Fan, Fossella, Sommer, Wu, Posner (2003). The main challenge is mapping the genes.Co ntribution by other authors (critical)2. Literature reviewDuring sexual reproduction, gene frequency has to be studied in order to ascertain genetic variability in a given species Vines Rees (1974). The genes of each parent during fertilization combine to bring about variability among the off spring. Following homozygous and heterozygous frequencies as obtained by the Hardy -Weinberg equation, these conditions remain constant in the population until varied or changed by other factors such as selection, immigration or emigration, mutations and genetic drifts Vines Rees (1974). These factors bring about phenotypic variations, irregularities and fluctuations in the population. Changes in the homozygote or heterozygote conditions result in changes in the gene proportions in the gene pool. This happens in both Autosomal and Sex-linked genes. This ultimately ends up varying the genome of the population. Furthermore, in domesticated animals, the natural factors that would be able to impo se selective pressure are often overshadowed by human intervention. Intensive human-oriented selection for increased milk and beef production lead to genomic changes and gene variations that are called signatures of selection (Porto-Neto,2014)3. MethodThe research study, a total of 300 cattle; 100 from each of the three breeds were used in the analysis. All were genotyped using Bovine 50k map. More than 5460000 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Markers were used in the analysis in each of the cattle breeds. There were a total of 1099023 missing markers too. This was a limitation in the use of this method when establishing genetic variability. It was not possible to determine the alleles that were missing and yet these contributed significantly to selection and variations in the population. Each S.N.P provided 100 pairs of alleles for every cattle that was under research. 100 cattle were considered from each of the three breeds hence each population was having at least 5460000 pai rs of alleles.The research study utilized, single nucleotide polymorph (S.N.P) and F à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ statistics (FST) in estimating genetic variability. High density (S.N.P) chips were used to determine the genotype of the animals. 100 animals from each breed were used in determining the SNPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s. Individual Fst for each SNP was not worked out but rather an average value for the breed population. Fst was conducted on the three breeds to determine their genetic variability. This was a more appropriate tool that would easily give genetic differentials between the alleles of the breeds. It gave a measure of the correlation between gametes drawn from the same sub population relative to the total (Gondro Et-al,2013) Detection of Signatures of Selection using Fst, 2013). The larger the value obtained for Fst, the more varied the species are. The Angus and the Santa cattle breeds were compared to the Brahman breed in terms of variability to each other by their pair-wise Fst analytical results and heterozygosity.4. Presentation of resultsTable SEQ Table \* ARABIC 1, Distribution of the heterozygote alleles in the population allele$ frequency$ in$ allele$ frequency$ allele$ frequency$ $$ Angus$ Brahman$ Santa$ Angus$ in$Brahman$ in$Santa$ AG$ 1120728$ 894139$ 1080082$ 0.20522771$ 0.163734732$ 0.197784614$ AC$ 255133$ 288220$ 247916$ 0.046719955$ 0.052778846$ 0.045398378$ GC$ 29593$ 22106$ 27878$ 0.00541907$ 0.004048051$ 0.005105019$ MISS...

Analysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare - 1171 Words

BODY PARAGRAPH 2 JEALOUSY Jealousy is a major component of both the text and the appropriation, as jealousy is what drives Iago to plot against Othello. Jealousy is largely present in the appropriation too, the breaking point for Hugo comes at the moment when his dad, who is the coach, presents Odin with the award for ‘Most Valuable Player’, and announces to the team that â€Å"I love him (Odin), like my own son†. It is at this point that Hugo starts conspiring against Odin. Odin receiving the M.V.P award, is a representation of when Othello is promoted to a higher rank in the text. In Othello, Iago’s jealousy is born from his disbelief that a black person, Othello, has a higher rank in society than him and the fact that Othello would promote Cassio over himself, which ignites the fight that takes place. Throughout the play, Iago is constantly causing characters to become jealous, so he can have them help with his devious plan. 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Characteristics of a Machiavel in The Spanish Tragedy and...

Characteristics of a Machiavel in The Spanish Tragedy and Hamlet To understand a renaissance machiavel as portrayed in The Spanish Tragedy and Hamlet, it is necessary to find characters from both works that exhibit the characteristics of a machiavel (Plotting, secrecy and eventually murder). This is the difficult part, as most of the major characters in both plays exhibit some, if not all of these characteristics - while neither Heironimo nor Hamlet are villains, they both rely upon machiavellian tactics; they both feign madness to seem unthreatening, then proceed to strike when least expected: I will revenge his death! But how? Not as the vulgar wits of men, With open, but inevitable ills, As by secret, yet†¦show more content†¦This is not the only example of machiavellianism on her part; she takes advantage of Balthazars and Lorenzos preoccupation with their own intelligence and cunning to fool them into believing she is harmless - as Heironimo pretends to be mad, she pretends to be stupid: Brother, you are become an orator - I know not, I, by what experience - Too politic for me, past all compare, Since last I saw you; but content yourself, The prince is meditating higher things. The Spanish Tragedy III x 82-86 In essence, she convinces them both that she, being a woman, and women traditionally being rather passive members of the revenge tragedy, is in no need of further imprisonment. Indeed, she goes so far as to say that she is too stupid to understand what they are trying to do to her: To love and fear, and both at once, my lord, In my conceit, are things of more import Than womens wits are to busied with. The Spanish Tragedy III x 93-95 It is the stupidity she affects (Unlike Heironimo and Hamlet, her disability is completely feigned) that allows her to get into a position from which she can kill Balthazar. Indeed, her relationship with don Horatio started out as being a vehicle for her desire to avenge don Andreas death. It is arguably the case that she is the most devious,

Massacre Of The Innocents By Judith Beheading - 921 Words

Though I do not know the background of Massacre of the Innocents, this painting seems to depict a group of men fighting with a group of women over babies, and when the men manage to steal these babies, the men kill them. Besides the death of children, the most peculiar aspect of this painting is the fact that the men and the babies are naked and the women seem to be losing their clothes. The different person’s level of clothing can tell a lot about what is going on. Leaving the men without clothing seems to give the painter a chance to define their muscles in a way that would have been difficult with them clothed. Even though some of the women’s bodies can be seen, they are not as well defined as the men’s making it apparent who is stronger. Pairing this with Judith Beheading Holofernes, nakedness can also show a lack of power. Holofernes was supposed to be a very powerful man, but after being tricked by Judith, he meets his demise by what could possibly be his o wn sword. Without his armor and wits, he has no power or ability to defend himself and is killed by someone who would typically be seen as the least powerful character. This meaning is not necessarily depicted in Saturn Devouring His Son where both Saturn and his son are without clothing though there seems to be a type of animal skin around Saturn’s waist while the child he is chewing on lacks all clothing. Saturn’s lack of clothing and his mad expression makes him to appear like an animal or monster instead of a

Explements In Sports - 1318 Words

You are a student at university in the sport injury assessment and rehabilitation program working with the women’s hockey team. Some of the new athletes were raising concern about drugs as the players were asking about testing procedures and one player in particular had a lot of questions about things that could help her. She wants help for her performance on the ice and is looking into supplements like creatine monohydrate as well as drinks like Redbull but is also concerned as she has had gastrointestinal issues and doesn’t know if it will affect her differently. Concerned as the athletes don’t know much about using these substances you decide to create a file of information about ergogenic aids. Caffeine and taurine are two of the main†¦show more content†¦Tarine is actually known to have health benefits and is well known to reduce cramping caused by fat burners so is not necessarily a harmful ingredient to be afraid of in a can of Redbull.1 Creatine monohydrate is a supplement taken by athletes in hopes to enhance performance. Creatine is a substance that is naturally found in muscles cells, made out of the amino acids glycine and arginine.5 Creatine supplementation has been shown to benefit high intensity exercise performance by increasing the

Health and Safety In a workplace Free Essays

I have chosen two work places to compare in my health and safety investigation. First one is in my school, and my second workplace is in St James medical centre. I wrote up a questionnaire about health and safety to give to both of my workplaces. We will write a custom essay sample on Health and Safety In a workplace or any similar topic only for you Order Now An employee in this place will fill out the questionnaire to see how much they know about their work place. Firstly both my workplaces do know the evacuation procedures in the event of an emergency or a fire. Waste Materials: Each workplace uses different methods of disposing of their waste materials. The workplace has special bins for unsafe waste and the school uses the sinks or black bags because it is usually not harmful waste thrown away if it is then it is disposed appropriately for the type of martial of substance. The workplace recycles all unwanted paper the same as the school has just bought in paper bins to use in each classroom. Is the electricity is used safely: In each workplace there is different electricity safety insurgency firstly in the Post-graduates who have just finished university can also use electronic information for a variety of things as well. Firstly keep in touch with all there friends that they made from university on websites such as Facebook, MySpace and others like that as well as the chat programs e.g. MSN and others. Secondly using it to find jobs and to start to look for cars and houses school the students can use the switches and the equipment under supervision the teacher has control of the safety switches and the circuit breakers in each lab. The workplace has a rule that only qualified elections are allowed to touch the equipment. Prevent fire: Each workplace is smoke free to insure no fires caused by that. The school has gas cut of switches if the fire was caused by gas to stop the building blowing up. No naked flames and put on near chemicals that are flammable. Each workplace has fire alarms. The medical centre insures that all equipment is switched off before leaving building at night. Effects on environment: The medical centre knows the effect in the environment is helping people. In the school Some ways of having to use the electronic information can be: having to buy clothes online delivered to your door, buying plane tickets for anywhere around the world, having your shopping delivered to your door by a local super market e.g. Tesco, Sainsbury and ASDA. there is know effects to the environment because there are such few hazards chemicals and if there was then they would be so few medical centres w that it wouldn’t make any differences. Hazard chemicals: Each work place does use chemicals the medical centre has correct training for individuals that are handling them and also monitoring of using them too. The school has fume cupboards are used in the labs ands correct storage. Each chemical is clearly labelled how bad it is also they have fire proof cabinets. None of my work places use any biological hazards. First aid: In the medical centre there are doctors and qualified nurses in the case of emergency first aid. In the school there is about 7 teachers qualified in first aid, How to cite Health and Safety In a workplace, Papers

Graphic Rating Scale Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Graphic Rating Scale. Answer: Graphic Rating Scale A graphic rating scale is a performance evaluation method where vital traits and behaviors of any employee are listed. The list developed helps employers quantify the performance of their employees by rating each staff member against the given traits.(mbaskool, 2017) The rating scale can use traits like ethics, communication skills, ability to resolve conflicts, reliability and leadership skills.(Ingram, 2018) Rating is usually done a scale of one to five. The scale includes Non-Existence-This refers to a careless worker with repeated mistakes. Average-The work is sometimes unsatisfactory. Good-The work done acceptably with minimal errors. The very Good-The employee is reliable, with good quality work. Excellent-The work done is of high quality with very minimal errors. A good rating scale should: Clearly define the traits. It should be behaviorally constructed. Ambiguous traits of honesty and loyalty should be avoided. The traits should be relevant to the behavior in question. Advantages The method is user-friendly and easy to comprehend. It provides standardized comparison criteria for evaluation. The behaviors can be quantified making the appraisal exercise easier. Disadvantages The method does not understand employee strengths effectively. The people in question have diverse characteristics, yet these quantify to a similar score. Perception errors cause incorrect rating. For example, stereotyping and halo effect. The judges have a different perception of behaviors which could lead to errors in judgment. Rating is difficult because it is tricky to rate behaviors to either excellent or good because the scale does not clarify the ideal behaviors. It is hard to identify average employees. A Retail Sales Associate These employees offer services like helping out a customer to find hard to place products or items, persuade a person to buy whatever they are selling. They also process the transaction using cash registers and keep track of all the money in the retail outlets. They work everywhere including grocery stores, at car showrooms and even department stores. Retail sales associates need to be polite, friendly and outgoing because they will meet difficult people to convince to buy. They should have full knowledge of the products they are selling. (Torres, 2018) Examples of traits used in the Graphic Rating Scale. The ability to multitask - This is where the associate can do many activities at a given time simultaneously. The ability to solve problems -This is where the associate can help provide solutions to a given problem. One should also have perfect knowledge of the company policies. Adaptability -This is the ability to be a quick learner and take on challenges and learn from them. Teamwork- One should be able to collaborate with others and have a positive contribution to a team. Positive attitude -One can show this with a smile, a handshake or staring directly into someone`s eyes. Respect for management - Doesnt it make it hard for the leaders and co-workers to work with you? Self-motivation - Have a goal to achieve. This will help one have a sense of direction, and one can even become innovative and use the ideas to improve their performance. A Food Restaurant Manager A fast food manager has the responsibility of all operations of a fast food restaurant. He can hire assistants to help him or her to supervise in case of his absence. These managers perform duties that include: Organizes equipment in the restaurant, stock, re-orders supplies, ensures cleanliness as well as security. Prepares budgets and works towards maximizing profits that are set in place by the head office. Administers payrolls and takes controls in the restaurant. Recruits new members of staff, and then train them. He can also already develop the already existing staff by training them. He schedules all staff operations and tasks. He also motivates as well as encourages the staff to achieve the already set goals. His job is also to handle customer questions and complaints. He also helps implement campaign organized by the head office. These include point of sale promotions. He appraises employee performance and documents any restaurant related reports or information. He attends regular meetings set by the head office and also reports to the management. Characteristics of a fast food restaurant manager He or she should possess the following traits that are used to evaluate their profession. They should be problem-solvers and great decision makers. They should be self-motivated. They should be ambitious. They should possess business awareness. They should have good leadership skills, motivate other team members and be influential. Skills to service customers should be excellent. They should be fast learners. Adequate organizational skills are also a required trait. They should have goals that drive them to achieve best results in their work.(Graduate Prospects, 2016) Examples of traits that can be used in the Graphic Rating scale(Hcareers, 2013) Stress management. This is the ability to deal with conflicts and stress resulting from a lot of workloads. Multi-tasking. This could involve picking calls, managing staff and interacting with customers. This is a determination to achieve success in whatever task is done. Record-keeping. This is keeping proper documentation of stock and information relating to employees. This introduction of new ideas and operating with the new ideas for overall performance. This involves safety in the distribution of foodstuffs. Social skills. This is the ability to have good interpersonal skills with customers. Product knowledge. Managers should be aware of what is sold to the customers. They should even taste the food. Systemized thinking. Any ideas that are raised in the restaurant should be put into writing. Evaluate if the idea will lead to losses or profits before implementation of the same. Profitable thinking. This involves asking you if any key decision made will lead to any profits in the restaurant. References Graduate Prospects. (2016, December). PROSPECTS. Retrieved from https://www.prospectus.ac.uk/job-profile/fast-food-restraurant-manager Hcareers. (2013, April 15). Hcareers where Hospitality works. Retrieved from https://www.hcareers.com/article/career-advice/10-top-characteristics-of-successful-restraurant-managers-in-the-us-2013 Ingram, D. (2018). online at business. Retrieved from www.smallbusiness.chron.com/employee-behavior-characteristic-performance-appraisals-11816.html mbaskool. (2017). mbaskool. Retrieved from https://www.mbaskool.com/business-concepts/human-resources-hr-terms/15338-graphic-rating-scale.html Torres, L. (2018). Monster Worldwide. Retrieved from https://www.monster.com/career-advice/article/9-qualities-that-make-you-hirable-to-a-retail-manager

UFOs (741 words) Essay Example For Students

UFOs (741 words) Essay UFOs Introduction:What exactly is a U.F.O? Where do they come from? What do they wantfrom us? Well, a UFO is an unusual airborne object that cannot beidentified, even after an expert examination. 90 Percent of these reportsare either Hoaxes, Conventional objects, or some poor person going insane. The other 10 percent is considered UFO enigma. History:The data of the first UFO sighting is not known. Some researchers saythat UFO sightings date back to ancient times. There is no evidence forthis speculation, so it is just a thought. Most researchers though markthe beginning of sightings in the United States un the later 1800s, theywere called The Mystery Airships. The next major fleet of sightings wereduring the second world war, from pilots who say they say metal likeobjects floating in the sky. These fighter pilots called them foofighters. And in 1947 in Europe, there were sightings of silent ghostrockets. None of these speculations were ever entirely explained. The UFO phenomenon entered the publics eye on June 24, 1947, at2:44am, when private pilot Kenneth Arnold reported sighting nine circularobjects in the skies over the state of Washington. He (Kenneth) describedthese objects like saucers skipping over water. There the term FlyingSaucer was born. UFO Waves:Since 1947 there have been UFO sightings in almost every country. Sometimes there is something called a UFO wave, which for a short time UFOsighting increase rapidly in one certain area. For instance, UFO wavesoccurred in France and Italy in 1954, in New Guinea in 1958, and in theUSSR in 1967. In the United States and Canada, waves happened in 1947,1952, 1957, 1965-67, and in 1979. Nobody can explain ANYTHING about thesewaves. Attempts to link them with hysteria, mentality and stress have allfailed. Facts and Polls:There are thousands of sightings each year. In 1973, a Gallup pollsaid that 11 percent of the American public has had an encounter with aUFO. More then 500,000 worldwide sighting reports have been computerized. A study of these reports are random and show no pattern. Witnesses cutacross economic, class, race and educational lines. However, a greaterpercentage of these reports have come from people living in rural areas,then from people living in urban areas. The reason for this. UNKNOWN! Sightings:Witnesses report many, many different shapes and sizes of UFOs, evenshape changing ones. The famous Two bowls joined at the rim shape isreported often, but reports of objects shaped like cigars, squares, balls,triangles, rings, and GUITARS are also common. Most of these reports are of objects from far away, but reports ofclose encounters also exist. Some of the most interesting sightings, arereported on or near the ground. Often the person claims that the ship lefta mark or something on the ground, this is called a Trace Case. Sometimes these cases are said to make mechanical or electrical things togo haywire. For instance, a car stalling, a computer going haywire, a T.V. blowing up, ECT. Claims of witnessing a UFO have come from sober, reliable people. These reports, however, have to be separated from the contactees, whoclaim they have been a part of the Alien Brotherhood, who gave them UFOrides to other times and planets. Government Projects:The U.S. Air Force attempted to study UFOs from 1948-69 with the BlueBook Project. After collecting reports for 21 years, it concluded the UFOsdid not represent a threat to the United States (at war that is). But, in1953 the U.S. thought that the USSR might be using the UFOs as a warfareweapon against them. So, from 53-69 that is all the United States werethinking about, and never considered any of this to be a unique phenomenon. .ubf8c29fbb71468541716904fc36a971c , .ubf8c29fbb71468541716904fc36a971c .postImageUrl , .ubf8c29fbb71468541716904fc36a971c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubf8c29fbb71468541716904fc36a971c , .ubf8c29fbb71468541716904fc36a971c:hover , .ubf8c29fbb71468541716904fc36a971c:visited , .ubf8c29fbb71468541716904fc36a971c:active { border:0!important; } .ubf8c29fbb71468541716904fc36a971c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubf8c29fbb71468541716904fc36a971c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubf8c29fbb71468541716904fc36a971c:active , .ubf8c29fbb71468541716904fc36a971c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubf8c29fbb71468541716904fc36a971c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubf8c29fbb71468541716904fc36a971c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubf8c29fbb71468541716904fc36a971c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubf8c29fbb71468541716904fc36a971c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubf8c29fbb71468541716904fc36a971c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubf8c29fbb71468541716904fc36a971c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubf8c29fbb71468541716904fc36a971c .ubf8c29fbb71468541716904fc36a971c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubf8c29fbb71468541716904fc36a971c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Fur Trade Period in the Indian Territory Essay Conclusion:I have learned a great amount of things from doing this project. There are many people out there studying these sightings, and reports. People using their own funds to figure out what exactly is up there. Ifeel bad for these people, for in my mind, I think all of the UFO stuff isjust abnormal weather conditions. Now, the close encounters on the ground,I cant explain that, could be hysteria, or booze. Or maybe, just maybe,there is something out there, just waiting to be found. I still thinkbecause of the lack of information, UFO sightings are the most mysteriousin the world, OR BEYOND!

The Roswell Incident I. Introduction A. Zeus B. American Indians C. Eg

The Roswell Incident I. Introduction A. Zeus B. American Indians C. Egyptians II. Background A. Time of the crash B. Witnesses 1. Mac Brazel 2. Sheriff George Wilcox 3. Roswell's 509th Bomb Squad 4. Initial recovery team III. Individual Testimonies A. Unnamed witness of Roswell recovery team B. Curry Holden C. Glenn Dennis D. Dan Dwyer IV. The Alien Autopsy Films A. Eighteen minute film at the autopsy center in Fort Worth B. Three minute film at Roswell site C. Researcher's opinions V. Conclusion The Roswell Incident The people of the world have always had a mysterious belief that Earth wasn't the only planet in the universe that supported life. This belief dates back to ancient times when heavenly and demonic stories were told of gods who strode across the skies on their golden chariots. Tales as far fetched as Zeus who threw lightening bolts from his fingertips to stories as credible as the American Indian's Cachinas, who supposedly taught them to farm an d saved them from numerous disasters. The Egyptians, who built their mammoth pyramids with only the use of man power, used hieroglyphics. These same hieroglyphics have been unofficially documented as being similar to symbols found on unidentified aircraft wreckage found in several incidences over the past fifty years (Montgomery 225-32, 236-37). Are these stories all mere coincidence? Some researchers think not and have continued to unveil new evidence that is believably true. Recently, new facts have been brought up on the most documented UFO (unidentified flying object) sighting of all time: the Roswell Incident. The Roswell Incident is a UFO crash that occurred at 11:30 p.m. on July 4th, 1947 in Roswell, New Mexico (Randal 10). Mac Brazel, a local New Mexico rancher, discovered a considerable amount of unusual debris while riding out on horseback early in the morning to check his sheep after a night of intense thunderstorms. He reported to Sheriff George Wilcox after driving into Roswell, that the aircraft had created a shallow gouge several hundred feet long and was scattered over a large area. Sheriff Wilcox then notified authorities at the Roswell Army Air Field and with the assistance of his deputies, proceeded to investigate the matter. Shortly after the 509th Bomb Group arrived from their station 35 miles away (Walker 38), they closed off the area for a number of days and retrieved the wreckage. The debris was initially taken to Roswell Army Air Field and eventually flown to Wright Field in Dayton, Ohio (Jeffrey). Before the military could intervene, the event had already been witnessed by more than one-hundred people. Local police, fire squad, and curious members of the Roswell community make up these people. A lot of them were part of the initial recovery team and are now telling their stories that have been bottled up for nearly a half of a century (Randal 11). According to one unnamed witness of the Roswell recovery team, The crash site was litter ed with pieces of the aircraft. Something about the size of a fighter plane had crashed, the metal was unlike anything I'd ever seen before. I picked up a piece the size of a car fender with one hand, it couldn't have weighed more than a quarter of a pound and no matter how hard I tried I couldn't even get it to bend (Randal 11). This statement describes the type of material that was found at the site and has been described in this manner by numerous witnesses. The next statement was made by Curry Holden, an archeologist who was one of the first to arrive on the scene, "I saw a crashed airplane without wings and with a fat fuselage. There were three bodies. Two were outside the craft and the other one was still inside, visible through a gash in the fuselage" (Walker 38). Other bits of information have also been documented from locals arriving initially at the scene. First, there is the local undertaker, Glenn Dennis, who was asked by the base if he could provide child-sized coffins. Then there was the local fireman, Dan Dwyer, whose crew was called out to the crash site and who collected some of the mysterious metal debris. He told his family

Critique on Plato’s Apology of Socrates Essay Essays

Critique on Plato’s Apology of Socrates Essay Essays Critique on Plato’s Apology of Socrates Essay Paper Critique on Plato’s Apology of Socrates Essay Paper Socrates was a great philosopher of his clip. There came a point in his life when his beliefs were questioned and his instructions doubted. He was charged for evil workss and incorrect behaviors. His accusers said he made people see the worse as better and passed them on as truths. They besides said that he corrupted the young person and that he did non believe in the Gods recognized by the province. Socrates addressed the Athenians in defence of his philosophical life. He appealed to the Men of Athens to hear him out and exert cautiousness in judging him because he had all the replies for them. He said he was a wise adult male and his wisdom came from the prophet. He believed in Gods contrary to what they accused him of. He taught the young person of virtuousnesss and denied he corrupted them. He neer feared decease every bit much as he feared the unjust†¦ The Athenians wanted to cognize how Socrates became a celebrated wise adult male and where he got his wisdom from. A philosopher like Socrates engaged people in treatments. He gave learned sentiments and replies to the most enigmatic and hard inquiries that frequently confronted ordinary heads. When these people were convinced and enlightened they went off with nil but congratulationss and esteem for Socrates. grounds why they called Socrates. a wise adult male. Many people came to him to larn more. It can non be said that wisdom is something one is born with. In the instance of Socrates his wisdom came from the prophet. He had godly counsel in his instructions. One with a godly counsel taught non merely what was good and what was right but besides lived by those dogmas. The prophet was besides what kept Socrates from haughtiness. Socrates knew he was wise because he knew that the wisdom he possessed meant small or was nil compared to God’s infinite wisdom. A philosopher may be wiser than any adult male. but is neer wisest. as lone God is. Socrates was asked why he did non portion his wisdom with the province and gave it sound advice. The prophet was the interior voice or the scruples of Socrates. When he was a kid the prophet prevented him from making what he intended to make. The prophet neer ordered him to make anything which was why he neer entertained the ideas of going a politician. He will neer be any good to the province by going one. Good and righteous work forces in political relations did non populate long to make more good. Towards the terminal of the test. when Socrates was sentenced to decease. Socrates mentioned the prophet once more. The prophet did non oppose what he said or stopped him from go forthing the house which was unusual if something bad was to go on. In the terminal. Socrates was happy to decease because the prophet had meant it for him. A philosopher was sought after for wise advocate and Socrates who sought the advocate of the prophet. The prophet symbolized the Divine Guidance which was the beginning of wisdom of Socrates. It strengthened his defence because it proved that his wisdom came from the Godhead and non from immorality. Socrates tested to convert the Athenians that he believed in Gods. At the start of the test began with a mention to God under whose name he said he will do his defence. God symbolized the highest authorization that Socrates subjected himself to. He respected a merely and righteous authorization. Socrates warned the Athenians that should they harm him. they will transgress against God. God had a intent for him in the Athenian personal businesss of the province. He was to agitate the province up whenever it was in daze. If they killed him after the test the province will everlastingly be in stupor as there will be no 1 to agitate it up. He was non one to travel against the province over any affair because God meant him to assist maintain order and non chaos. He must to talk up whenever that province was in disregard of its responsibilities. He knew what his duties were to the province and knew that he must maintain them. for God. God was the authorization over and above the province. Socrates gave the province its due topographic point. an authorization under God and originated from God. God was acknowledged by everyone as merely and righteous. To believe in God meant that Socrates conformed to the ways of God and it followed that he was merely and righteous besides. The impact of this in his defence was that Socrates. foremost of all was non an atheist as alleged by his accusers. Second. he was respectful of authorization. God and the province. Third. he was a good adult male who kept the ways of God. God as the Supreme Being is the symbol of the highest. merely and righteous authorization. Socrates was given the opportunity to travel free on the status that he stopped learning and talking to people. He refused outright because he would be negligent of his authorization from the prophet to travel and learn Virtues to work forces. Virtues symbolized cognition. It is a virtuousness to cognize right and incorrect and to do enlightened picks of right over incorrect. He had promised God that he will go on to learn for every bit long as he was able. He taught the people to set more value on the enrichment of the psyche. the chase of truth and wisdom alternatively of deriving material wealth. celebrity and glorification. A individual with virtuousness knows his existent worth. he neer underestimates neither does he overrates himself. He reminded them that their psyches must take precedency over their individuals and their ownerships. He taught virtuousnesss to anyone who came to him. immature or old. bad or good. rich or hapless. As a instructor he counseled them to take good and righteous lives. He was like a caring parent or brother. Those among the immature who had heard him talk became reasonable grownups. The charges against him were incorrectly. He neer corrupted the young person with the sort of learning he did. There was nil greater for him than to obey the bid of God to learn the people about virtuousnesss. The cognition that a philosopher portions with his pupils is a good defence for the philosophical life. while confuting that he was a corruptor of the young person. Virtues or cognition that he shared should convert the Athenians that Socrates was a virtuous adult male who sought the enlightenment of others. Teaching others so that they may non be nescient and so that they may take virtuous lives can non be said as evil workss. Taking others to the way of righteousness can non be called corruptness. Socrates should be vindicated of the charges against him as they were groundless and strictly prevarications. Socrates was neer sorry for the sort of life he lived even if it finally led him to his decease. Death was symbolic of the good for Socrates. Death to salvage a friend. decease in defence of a right. decease for one’s moral strong beliefs was all good deceases. A individual who feared decease lacked wisdom. because he feared the unknown. Socrates feared perpetrating unfairness and incorrectly more than he feared decease. When he was a senator. the generals were on test for go forthing the organic structures of the slain in a conflict. They were all tried at the same clip. which he opposed because it was illegal. He was the lone 1 in resistance. In malice of the menaces of impeachment and apprehension he stood his land. He took the hazard for jurisprudence and justness. Those were in the yearss of democracy. His resoluteness neer wavered even during the oligarchy. When Leon from Salamis was to be executed he with four others was ordered to convey the Salaminian to the rotunda. He refused and alternatively went place. He faced possible decease without fright. What he feared most so was to side with unfairness. When threatened with decease or temptation of being saved from decease even if it meant making incorrect. he would instead decease a thousand times. For Socrates decease is good. He philosophized that it was a province of deep slumber or one of blankness. Either manner it is a reposeful province. It is a province that we neer experience in most of our darks. He likened it to a journey which all of us will take at some point in our lives. In decease we will one time once more see those friends and heroes who have gone before us. There will besides be those victims of destiny worst than his with whom he will be able to compare notes with. In the test of Socrates. decease was associated with good. Socrates was neer afraid to decease for he was certain something good was bound to go on to him. That should stifle the desire of his accusers to inquire decease for Socrates. Why wish the best for person whom you wanted punished for misbehaviors. The prophet symbolized godly counsel. It proved hard for Socrates to claim that his wisdom came from the prophet from the God of Delphi. His lone believable informant was a dead adult male. A brother of the dead adult male was present in tribunal but he did non volunteer as informant. Socrates did non name him as informant to confirm his narrative. The prophet called him wise. His wisdom was come-at-able for the ordinary adult male. He did non claim that he had extraordinary wisdom for that would non be true. The instruction of Socrates was about righteousness. justness and humbleness. These are plants of goodness that logically will arise merely from the Godhead. God is a symbol of authorization. What God commanded Socrates to make he followed. Between the God and province. Socrates placed God foremost. A philosopher has regard for authorization and that should convert the Athenians that Socrates was a good adult male. He would really likely base on balls on this virtuousness to others. Virtue is a symbol of cognition. Socrates shared his doctrines with others so that they may be enlightened. He taught merely the good as his wisdom was from the Godhead beginning. In his test he made the Athenians know that his accusers know nil of what they were impeaching him of. As they were non-believers. with whom he had non shared his wisdom. his accusers remained nescient. Death is the symbol of something good and pleasant. something one should non fear merely like Socrates. The Work force of Athens will see Socrates as a adult male of bravery who was non scared of decease and an enlightened adherent of the Godhead who treated decease as a journey. a deep sleep or a crossing over. In the test of Socrates we found a adult male with a strong religion in God. despite accusals of godlessness. He chose right over incorrect all the clip even at the menace of decease and injury. He lived what he preached carried a meaningful and purposeful life. He wanted to convert the Athenians that learning the right values and lauding the virtuousnesss in people was no corruptness. An evil actor would make no such thing. No sum of force per unit area or menace or temptation would compromise his values. He kept God’s bid to him to go on learning at all cost to him. This came from a true truster of God and non from an atheist as Meletus had accused him to be. A philosopher would learn merely things that would be of value to people every bit good as those things that will make the individual tremendous good. A philosopher’s step of value puts the religious over and above the physical and the stuff. That is what separates the ordinary adult male from the philosopher. The wants of the ordinary adult male is of this universe and the philosopher’s is of the higher kingdom. There were many lessons learned from the statements of Socrates in his defence. They let us into the head of a philosopher with its deepness. wit. fluency. play and humor. It is hard to understand a philosopher because he is in a degree all by himself. His logic is simple and clear at the start but he can be confusing towards the terminal. It is diverting how they turn one’s statement against his ain like what he did to Meletus. Socrates’ statements are excessively profound for the ordinary head to follow. A philosopher’s life is excessively dull to wish for oneself and excessively unsympathetic to want. He goes for the simple and unsophisticated. He is non attached to the stuff. He can work with no wage and treasures the fulfilment in making the occupation for God and fellowmen. It is adequate wage for a philosopher that others learn of truth and wisdom from him. Socrates helped us understand the life of a adult male for others. as a philosopher really is. Socrates was a adult male with a strong religion in God. He placed God above all else. God represented the authorization in his life. He would make anything God commanded him to make. out of great regard. A philosopher who regards God in such high regard is worthy of trust. He could feign to cognize so much because people hold his every word as truth. Socrates was non that sort of philosopher. He could presume power like a God but Socrates did non. He thought of himself as wise because he accepted that his wisdom and power were non the ultimate. Philosophers have all the replies. Their cognition is deep and expansive. They can speak about anything and everything. They spoke with authorization. They have the gift of cognition. They derive their wisdom from the Supreme Being who is all-knowing. As such they speak merely of the merely and the righteous. They portion the cognition with the people who go to them for their good advocate. They lead simple lives without the unneeded furnishings. They care for their psyche more than their physical and material concerns. The portion with their fellow work forces what they valuable ownership. cognition. Socrates was all the above. The Philosophers were brave work forces who fear incorrectly more than they fear decease. There was no manner they would be swayed from their strong beliefs because of the menace of penalty. Neither will they halt from making what is right to be saved from injury. They will decease for a friend. be hanged for a good cause and crush for their beliefs. The Philosophers were no ordinary persons. They endured because of their religion. their doggedness and wisdom. They may hold been misunderstood but they have been understood more. Their bequests live on. long after they are gone. â€Å"Socrates’ Defense. † 1994-2000. Apology by Plato. Translated by Benjamin Jowett. 10 May 2008 hypertext transfer protocol: //classics. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. edu/Plato/apology. hypertext markup language.

Space Cowboys Film and Genre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Space Cowboys Film and Genre - Essay Example This film has been penned by Ken Kaufman and Howard Klausner of which Clint Eastwood has given superb direction. This is a pretty entertaining and one of the more rambunctious films that have been directed by Eastwood whereby they have clearly explored the idea with vitality and a sense of dynamism. The movie has put a very unique kind of spin on the formula that the longer one lives; the lesser is his worth with the passage of time. The story is set from the scene of 1958 in which pilots Frank Corvin played by Clint Eastwood himself and Hawk Hawkins, by Tommy Lee Jones are members of Team Daedalus, which is an elite Air Force group that is bent upon testing the high-altitude planes as well as dreaming of becoming the first American astronauts to do so. It is unfortunate to mention here that when this very dream does not see the light of the day, Frank starts blaming Bob Gerson, played by James Cromwell who is his commander for betraying him in the middle of the accomplishment of the dream mentioned above. After duration of four decades now, this same individual has become a NASA big shot who has got a huge problem up his sleeves. A huge Soviet satellite, which is named Ikon, has become dysfunctional and is threatening to fall out of orbit and then crash into the region of the earth. Indeed, it is true that similar in notion to the confusion surrounding the US space agency and its affiliates, this guidance system for the satellite is in more ways than one quite similar to that with one of Skylab that was initially put in place by Frank Corvin.

Public Administration and Civil Service Reform UNDP Cambodia. Case Essay

Public Administration and Civil Service Reform UNDP Cambodia. Case Study - Essay Example Most public managers profess to an attraction to good managerial performance as well as good government performance. However, if their actual conduct is examined, it will become clear that there are two opposing and distinct perspectives on public reform administration reform. Crusading and free-spirited managers are always searching for better methods, promising designs, new ideas, and innovations. They embrace, and believe in novelty. They assess what others are doing elsewhere and identify what they can adapt or copy, and are ready to take risks just to improve performance. They are so eager for change that they often fall victim to the gimmicks and fads that are often witnessed in public management without reason or rhyme. On the other hand, reactionary managers exhibit too much caution and rarely show willingness to attempt anything new. This paper will discuss the factors that hinder or facilitate public administration reform by comparing two programmes of public service reform and looking at the lessons learned from those programmes in terms of the obstacles and opportunities involved in public administration reform. Key words Public administration reform, public management, public service.... to as the National Program for Administrative Reform (NPAR), which would be the foundation upon which the whole public administration reform program would be built. UNDP Cambodia decided to directly support the NPAR, and offered help to the Council of Administrative Reform (CAR) which was aimed at: a) Strengthening the capability of the council’s secretariat in order to improve the effectiveness of national consensus building, strategic planning, donor co-ordination, policy development, and how the NPAR is managed strategically. b) Facilitating the enforcement of priority reform programs and sub-programs, and also the creation of implementation plans. c) Supporting the creation and organization of a Priority Mission Group (PMG) plan so as to improve the efficiency in public service delivery in vital areas of government administration, and also to accelerate reforms. UNDP’s assistance in public administrative reform targets not only decentralized reform enforcement, but also wholesome strategic reform organization. It identified the need to integrate both aspects more fluidly, and also learned some important lessons in the process of supporting Cambodia in its quest to improve public service. Overall, although this project was originally meant to reflect UNDP’s expertise in public administrative reforms, other donors were unwilling to cooperate (Heeks 2002, pg. 25). In addition to this, poor coordination in comparison with other reform areas resulted in weak connections to other activities, disorganized activities, and a loss of focus. Lessons Learned Strategic constituency development is vital to acquire support for and run complex systems modification processes The public administration reform program’s original design failed to recognize the CAR as the

Effects of donepezil in healthy young adults

Effects of donepezil in healthy young adults Rationale: The cholinergic system is involved in the modulation of both bottom-up and top-down attentional control. Top-down attention engages multiple executive control processes, but few studies have investigated whether all or selective elements of executive functions are modulated by the cholinergic system.. Objective: To investigate the acute effects of the pro-cholinergic donepezil in young, healthy volunteers on distinct components of executive functions. Methods: We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, independent groups design study including 42 young healthy male participants who were randomly assigned to one of three oral treatments: glucose (placebo), donepezil 5 mg or donepezil 7.5 mg. The test battery included measures of different executive components (shifting, updating, inhibition, dual-task performance, planning, access to long-term memory), tasks that evaluated arousal/vigilance/visuomotor performance, as well as functioning of working memory subsidiary sy stems. Results: Donepezil improved sustained attention, reaction times, dual-task performance and the executive component of digit span. The positive effects in these executive tasks did not correlate with other attentional arousal/visuomotor/vigilance measures. Conclusions: Among the various executive domains investigated donepezil selectively increased dual-task performance in a manner that could not be ascribed to improvement in arousal/vigilance/visuomotor performance nor working memory slave systems. Other executive tasks that rely heavily on visuospatial processing may also be modulated by the cholinergic system. Cholinergic manipulations consistently alter sensory-driven, bottom-up attention but their effects on top-down, controlled processing have been less explored (e.g. Furey et al. 2008b; Hasselmo and Stern 2006; Sarter et al. 2001; Thomas et al. 2008), specially as pertains executive functioning. Executive-type processing comprises a wide range of cognitive processes that have a role in the control of action and are considered a function of the central executive in the multiple component model of working memory (see Baddeley 2007, p. 11; Repovs and Baddeley 2006). In the latest version of this model the central executive is responsible for manipulating information contained in subsidiary slave components that store information of different modalities for short periods of time, as well as information activated from long-term memory (Baddeley 2007; Repovs and Baddeley 2006). Today, executive processing is considered a multiple construct, consisting of different cognitive domains or components that, despite being correlated, are dissociable (Collette et al. 2006; Fisk and Sharp 2004; Friedman et al. 2006; Mantyla et al. 2007; Rabbitt 1997; Smith and Jonides 1999). Miyake (2000), in their influential paper on the diversity of executive functions, showed the dissociability of four postulated executive functions: updating, or modification of the content of working memory by deleting no longer relevant information and incorporating more relevant data (Miyake et al. 2000; Shimamura 2000); inhibition, the ability to inhibit distracting information when selecting relevant information, or to attend selectively to one stream of information while discarding others (Baddeley 1996a; Kane and Engle 2000); shifting, the ability to suppress response strategies when shifting between different tasks (Miyake et al. 2000; Monsell 2003); and dual- task performance, the abili ty to perform in parallel two tasks that rely on different cognitive systems (see Baddeley et al. 1997; Logie and Della Sala 2001). Other types of executive processes that were not evaluated by Miyake (2000) have been suggested as separate cognitive entities. One of these is planning, the ability to organize behavior in relation to a specific goal (Owen 1997; Shallice 1982), and the other is the efficiency of access to long-term memory (Baddeley 1996b, 1998; Fisk and Sharp 2004). Acute administration of anticholinergic drugs has been shown to impair executive functions by many authors (Curran et al. 1991; Green et al. 2005; Rusted and Eaton-Williams 1991; Rusted 1988; Rusted et al. 1991; Rusted and Warburton 1988) but in these publications usually only one executive test was used, mostly with unknown loading on the different executive components discussed previously. These finding are therefore not comprehensive in examining the executive domains that are affected by cholinergic manipulations. Aside from studying anticholinergic effects in different executive components, in order to demonstrate that the cholinergic system is in fact directly responsible for executive effects it would be important to show that drugs which increase the availability of acetylcholine, or pro-cholinergics, have the opposite effects. To this end, we studied the modulatory role of the cholinergic system on the 6 different types of executive processes outlined above by investigating dose-dependent effects of acute oral doses (5 and 7.5 mg) of donepezil, a potent, specific, non-competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (Jann et al. 2002; Shigeta and Homma 2001) that increases the availability of acethylcholine. We administered acute doses to young healthy volunteers because neurologic/psychiatric disorders and aging (Gron et al. 2005), as well as chronic use (Poirier 2002; Tsukada et al. 2004), alter the status of the cholinergic system. To assess executive functioning we employed tests that have been shown to reflect each of these 6 separable processes. To evaluate updating, inhibition and switching we used tasks described by Miyake (2000) that showed high loading in the confirmatory factor analysis performed by these authors in each of these executive components. For dual-task performance we employed a standardized paradigm (Baddeley et al. 1997; Della Sala et al. 1995; Greene et al. 1995). For evaluating access to long-term memory we used word generation tasks (see Fisk et al. 2004), and for planning we selected the ecological Zoo Map Test (Wilson et al. 1996). We also evaluated arousal and sustained attention/vigilance changes that could interfere with executive measurements, in addition to performance on other working memory subsidiary components (see Baddeley 2007; Repovs and Baddeley 2006) that store visuospatial data (visuospatial sketchpad), phonological information (phonological loop), and integrated inform ation from different modalities, including activated long-term memory (episodic buffer). MATERIAL AND METHODS Participants: participants were 42 healthy native Portuguese speaking volunteers (aged 18 to 35) with body mass index between 20 and 25, with at least 12 years of schooling. They were non-smokers, in good physical and mental health as determined by medical history, scored within normal ranges in the Beck Depression Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Gorenstein and Andrade 1996), and were on no psychotropic medication at the time of the study. Procedure: this was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, independent group-design study in which participants were randomly allocated to three acute oral treatments formulated in identical capsules (14 subjects each): placebo (glucose), donepezil 5 mg and donepezil 7.5 mg. The Ethics Committee of the institution (Universidade Federal de Sà £o Paulo UNIFESP) approved the study protocol (project no. 0335/07) which was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All subjects provided written informed consent and their IQ was estimated using the Ravens Progressive Matrices (Raven et al. 1988). On the day of the experiment participants were required to have a light breakfast after which they receive treatments. They were submitted to a test battery (see below) at 210 min. after treatments (close to peak-plasma concentration of donepezil: Jann et al. 2002) that lasted 1.5 h. with no prior training to insure that executive processing was involved (see Rabbitt 1997 ). Tests were presented in 4 randomly assigned orders, balanced between treatments. Test Battery Executive tasks Plus-minus task (Miyake et al. 2000): a measure of shifting that consisted of three lists of 30 two-digit numbers (the numbers 10-99 pre-randomized without replacement) on a single sheet of paper. On the first list, the participants were instructed to add 3 to each number and write down their answers. On the second list, they were instructed to subtract 3 from each number. Finally, on the third list, the participants were required to alternate between adding and subtracting 3 (i.e., add 3 to the first number, subtract 3 from the second number, and so on). List completion times, omission and comission errors were determined. The cost of shifting between the operations of addition and subtraction was then calculated as the difference between the time to complete the alternating list and the average times to complete the addition and subtraction lists. All the lists were performed under articulatory suppression (uttering the letter T) to prevent the use o phonological stratergies while the task was performed. Letter memory task (Miyake et al. 2000): a measure of updating in which several letters from a list were presented serially for 2000 ms per letter. The task was to recall the last 4 letters presented in the list. To ensure that the task involved continuous updating, the instructions required that participants rehearse out loud the last 4 letters by mentally adding the most recent letter and dropping the 5th letter back. For example, if the letters presented were T, H, G, B, S the participants should say, T . . . TH . . . THG . . . THGB . . . HGBS and answer HGBS at the end of the trial. The number of letters presented (5, 7, 9, or 11) varied randomly across trials to ensure that participants would continuously update their working memory representations until the end of each trial. After practicing on 2 trials with 5 and 7 letters, participants performed 12 trials for a total of 48 letters recalled, which took approximately 12 minutes. The dependent measure was the proportion of let ters recalled correctly in the right serial order. Stroop task (Stroop 1935): a test of inhibition that consists of a Word Colored Page, with common words printed in colors, and a Color-Word Page with names of colors printed in incongruent colors. The examinee must name the ink colors as quickly as possible. For each list the test yields two scores, the number of errors and the time necessary to complete the task. In addition, scores from the word colored page (which measures naming speed) are subtracted from those of the color-word page (naming with inhibition) to yield a score of the extra time needed for overriding the inconcruency of word name versus ink-color name. Dual-task paradigm (Baddeley 1997; Della Sala et al. 1995): evaluates dual-task performance. This is a paper and pencil test which involves a visuospatial tacking task (circle crossing) and a phonological/verbal one (digit span). The digit span task consists of the 90 sec. long repetition of digit sequences presented orally which the subject had to repeat in the proper order. Lists of increasing number of digits are read aloud at the rate of one digit per second and the participants are asked to repeat them in their order of presentation (forward digit span, which measures phonological loop functioning). Participants digit span was taken to be the maximum length at which subjects repeated correctly 5 of 6 sequences of digits. Spans or scores were the number of digits contained in the last sequence repeated correctly. The circle crossing task consists of traversing with an X a chain of 240 circles linked with arrows to form a path laid out on an A3-sized sheet of paper, which was pra cticed with a 240 circles path. Subjects are required to cross-out the circles as rapidly as possible for a period of 90 sec. The dual-task condition consists of the simultaneous execution of both tasks within a 90 sec period. To quantify participants performance we used the measure proposed by Baddeley et al. (1997), the mu index which expressed the overall percentage loss in the dual-tasks in relation to single tasks considering the contributions of both tasks to be of equal weight: mu = [1- (pm + pt)/2] x 100, where pm and pt were, respectively, the proportional phonological loss and visuospatial loss in the performance in the dual-task condition in relation to the single-task condition; pm equaled the number of correctly repeated digit sequences for the single-task (ps), and for the dual-task (pd), both divided by the total o sequences remembered (pm = ps pd); pt equalled the number of traversed circles for the single-task (ts) minus those traversed in the dual-task (td), divid ed by ts [pt = (ts td)/ts]. Zoo Map Test (Wilson et al. 1996): a task that measures planning abilities from the ecological Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome test battery (BADS). Participants are given a map of a zoo and a set of instructions relating to places they have to visit (e.g. elephant house, lion cage) and rules they must stick to (e.g. starting at the entrance and finishing at a designated picnic area, using designated paths in the zoo just once). There are two trials with identical aims that involve a visit to six out of the 12 possible locations. The first trial consists of a high demand version in which the planning abilities of the participants are rigorously tested. In the second, or low demand version, the participant is simply required to follow some instructions to reach specific locations. Scoring was based on the total number of errors in the high and low demand tasks, as well as the difference in time to conduct the high and low demand tasks [i.e. planning/thinking time a nd execution (drawing time) of the route in the high demand trials minus the drawing time in the low demand task (Allain et al. 2005)]. Word and letter fluency (Lezak 2004): to test access to long-term memory participants were told to orally generate as many words as possible that belonged to a given category and that began with a given letter in 2 minutes each. The participants were instructed not to use proper nouns or morphological variations of words and to void repetitions. Scores were the total number of words generated and errors. Executive digit span (modified from Della Sala et al. 1995): this task was the same as the digit span described above in the dual-task performance except that participants had to repeat the sequences backwards (backwards digit span). Spans or scores were the number of digits contained in the last sequence repeated correctly. A delta score (backward minus forward digit span) was also calculated because participants capacity to recall items backwards depends on their forward span. Other working memory test Corsi block test [computerized version based on Miyake et al. (2001)]: participants were shown a set of blocks (drawn as white boxes) and asked to remember the order in which they were tapped (shown as changing color). One box at a time turns black for 650 ms each, a duration short enough to discourage the use of idiosyncratic coding strategies. Five similar but different configurations of blocks were used in each trial to discourage participants from using numerical coding of box locations. Immediately after a sequence of taps, participants repeated the order (Corsi Block task direct, a measure of the visuospatial sketchpad) by clicking on the boxes with the mouse. Once the sequence of flashing boxes was completed, they had unlimited time to respond. There was a practice trial with two taps each, after which the sequences progresses in length from three to 10 taps or until the participants made two mistakes with a sequence of the same number of taps. Scores were the largest number of blocks recalled in the right sequence. The same procedure was conducted at the end of this task, except that subjects were asked to remember the taps in the inverse order (Backwards Corsi Block task, a general measure of executive functioning). Delta scores as calculated for digit span were also computed. Counting span [Conway et al. (2005) in the version designed for adults by Engle et al. (1999)]: a task of working memory capacity that evaluates storage in the episodic buffer component of working memory (see Baddeley 2007). Participants were presented with displays on screen which consisted of a random arrangement of three to nine dark blue circles, one to nine dark blue squares, and one to five light blue circles. The participants task was to count and remember, in the right serial order, the total number of dark blue circles presented in consecutive displays which varied randomly in number from 2 to 6 (3 sequences each). Scores were the number of correct sequences retrieved. Arousal/vigilance/visuomotor performance measures Psychomotor Vigilance Test (Dinges and Powell 1985): a portable device (Model PVT-192, CWE, Inc, Ardmore, PA) was used. The task consists of responding by button press to a small, bright red-light stimulus (light-emitting diode digital counter) as soon as it appears. Consecutive stimuli appear randomly in the range of 2 to 10 s for 5 minutes, resulting in 30-45 reaction time (RT) measures, depending on RT latency (Roach et al. 2006). Participants are instructed to press the button as soon as they see the stimulus, but not to press the button too soon (which yields false-start warnings on the display). Each subject was allowed a single 1-minute acclimation practice before the task commenced. Scores were mean total reaction time (RT), mean 10% fastest and slowest reaction times (Mean F RT and Mean S RT), all of which indicate arousal/psychomotor performance (Lim and Dinges 2008) and measures that indicate better sustained attention/vigilance (Lim and Dinges 2008), the percent change i n RT throughout the test (% change) and slope reaction time (negative numbers indicate slowing from the beginning to the end of the test). Statistical analysis To compare treatment groups we employed one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with treatment as factor (3 levels: placebo, donepezil 5 mg and donepezil 7.5 mg) followed by post hoc Tukey HSD tests when appropriate. The level of significance adopted was pà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤0.05. Only measures that elicited significant drug effects are reported below. Magnitude of effects on the executive measures was determined through effect size calculations (Cohen d, Cohen 1988) as proposed by Snyder et al. (2005) and Fredrickson et al. (2008). In addition we calculated the Pearson Product Moment correlation between changes in arousal/vigilance measured by the PVT and the variables that showed significant effects. RESULTS Comparability of treatment groups The ANOVAs showed the comparability of participants in the three treatment groups in terms of age, body mass index and estimated intelligence measured by Ravens Progressive Matrices (ps>0.27), so performance differences between treatments could not be accounted for by these characteristics. Treatment effects (Table 1) Data on PVT task of one subject in the placebo group and data on fluency test of one subject in the placebo group and of two subjects in donepezil 7.5 mg group were lost due to technical problems with the equipments. The ANOVAs showed PVT treatment effects for the minimum reaction time (F2,38=4.42, p [Table 1 and Figure 1 near here] Magnitude of effects Effect sizes (see Table 1) comparing placebo and 7.5 mg of donepezil were large (pà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥0.8, see Cohen 1988; Sloan et al. 2005) for most of the PVT measures, as well as the delta score of the digit span. The remaining comparisons between these groups yielded medium effect sizes (between 0.5 and 0.8), that together with large effect sizes are considered meaningful differences (Cohen 1988; Sloan et al. 2005), and included the dual-task measure. Correlations between executive and other general attentional measures In order to determine whether arousal/vigilance/visuomotor changes were responsible for the observed executive effects, we calculated Pearson Product Moment correlations between the PVT measures and the executive measures that showed significant effects of donepezil (mu dual-task index and delta scores of the digit span). Correlation values were small and non-significant (all ps>0.05 and rs between -0.22 and 0.17). 5. Sample sizes In order to show that the sample size was adequate for this set of data we calculated the number of individuals necessary to show significant differences between placebo and the donepezil dose that showed significant differences in relation to placebo (7.5 mg). To do so we used the calculations proposed by Rosner (1999) [with an ÃŽÂ ± of 0.05 and 80% power]. This takes into account the mean values of the groups under comparison and their common standard deviation. We carried out these calculations considering one-sided differences since our hypothesis was that donepezil would increase performance (see table 1). DISCUSSION In the present study we completed a comprehensive examination of the potential capacity of a pro-cholinergic drug to improve executive functions in healthy young adults exploring diverse processes associated with executive tasks. Our findings extend previous reports on the acute nootropic potential of this drug in young, healthy volunteers (Hutchison et al. 2001; Thompson et al. 2000; Zaninotto et al. 2009). More specifically, an acute 7.5 mg dose of donepezil improved arousal/vigilance/visuomotor measures in addition to increasing performance especifically in the executive dual-task domain. An increment in delta digit span was also observed, a task that has unknown loading on the 6 executive components studies here. A role for acetylcholine in modulating executive function is consistent with earlier work reporting impairment after acute doses of the antimuscarinic scopolamine (Ellis et al. 2006; Green et al. 2005; Rusted et al. 1991a; Rusted 1988; Rusted and Warburton 1988; Thomas et al. 2008). However, in the present study we found this effect to be highly selective within the broad battery of executive domains. Only the dual-task domain measure was sensitive to the effects of donepezil while this drug left the remaining 5 tested executive domains unchanged. These evidences suggests cholinergic enhancement in the coordination of two tasks that rely on different cognitive systems, possibly due to activation of cortical cholinergic inputs which facilitate cognitive processes by increasing filtering of noise and distractors, which are necessary under taxing attentional conditions (Sarter et al. 2001). The magnitude of these positive changes reflected medium effect sizes which are treated as clinically meaningful (e.g. see Sloan et al. 2005) and that should be considered in light of the fact that the participants had optimum baseline performance having been young, highly educated, physically and mentally healthy, not deprived of sleep, food or otherwise compromised. The present result was not mediated by increases in speed of information processing, improvement in performance that relies in subsidiary working memory systems, nor task demands, as discussed below. This (see Logie and Della Sala 2001) lends support to the idea that the cholinergic system is involved in the executive process that coordinates different specialized functions when considered together with previous reports of scopolamine induced impairment of dual-task performance (Rusted and Warburton 1988). It is also noteworthy that patients with Alzheimer ´s disease, which is in part characterized by cholinergic deficiency (Everitt and Robbins 1997), display particular problems in dual-task in comparison with single-task performance using the same (Baddeley et al. 1991; Greene et al. 1995; Kaschel et al. 2009) and different (MacPherson et al. 2007, see also Logie and Della Sala 2001) dual-task paradigms. Hence, we here obtained a pharmacological dissociation that confirms behaviou ral data suggesting the separability of dual-task coordination from other executive domains (e.g., Baddeley 1996b; Baddeley and Della Sala 1996; Bourke et al. 1996; Bourke 1997; Miyake et al. 2000; see also de Ribaupierre and Ludwig 2003). It could be argued that this was solely due to the lack of power of the study. Sample size calculations taking into account data from the placebo and donepezil 7.5 mg groups showed that the number of participants necessary for the obtention of statistical effects in the measures that were statistically significant here were close to that used in this study. However, the number of individuals in each group had to be larger than 66 to show significant effects in the remaining executive domains (Table 1). To our knowledge no study in this field of research has ever used such a large sample size. Hence, we believe that dual-task performance, among the executive domains investigated here, is particularly sensitive to improvement by increases in acetylcholine levels. On measures of general attention, donepezil improved (significantly with large effect sizes) sustained attention, arousal and visuomotor performance in the PVT, cognitive functioning measures that have been previously shown to be affected by cholinergic manipulations (Furey et al. 2000, 2008a; Meinke et al. 2006). These changes could in themselves have led to better executive performance, but this seems unlikely in the present case because better overall attention would not have benefited only this single executive component. In addition, no significant correlation was found between these general attentional scores and those of the executive tasks that were enhanced by donepezil, and r values were small. The changes in executive functioning found here could also not be ascribed to improvement in the subsidiary working memory systems which were unchanged by donepezil, in accordance with previous lack of effects with other acute cholinergic manipulations of the articulatory loop and visuospatial sketchpad (see Mintzer and Griffiths 2007; Rusted 1988; Zaninotto et al. 2009), as well as the episodic buffer (see Zaninotto et al. 2009). These changes could also not be attributed to task difficulty, as the letter memory task was at least as demanding as the dual-task. This latter task involved continuous updating of information of letter sequences, some of which extended way beyond subjects spans, for approximately 12 minutes, and showed no treatment effect. Performance in this task was unchanged by donepezil administration, but a similar n-back updating task has been shown to be impaired by acute doses of scopolamine (Green et al. 2005). In the latter case, though, the n-back task relied h eavily on visuospatial perception and processing, which seem particularly sensitive to cholinergic manipulations (Ellis and Nathan 2001; Thomas et al. 2008; Zaninotto et al. 2009). In retrospect we noted that none of the executive tasks used here made specific demands on this type of processing, neither did the executive inhibition task employed by Mintzer and Griffiths (2007), which was unaltered by acute scopolamine administration. In effect, Thomas (2008) suggested that visuomotor and working memory processes that subserve visuospatial executive function are specifically dependent on cholinergic neurotransmission. Hence, enhancement of cholinergic activity could cause specific top-down optimization of visuospatial input processing which could lead to improved executive visuospatial performance, especially if the extensive involvement of executive functions with visuospatial short-term memory is taken into account (see Miyake et al. 2001). Based on this suggestion it may be hypothesized that the improvement in the delta digit span measure obtained here (high effect size) and in a recent donepezil study (Zaninotto et al. 2009), as well as impairment after anticholinegic drugs (Guthrie et al. 2000) reflect effects of cholinergic manipulations because backward digit span seems to involves activation of occipital visual cortical areas (more so than the forward version of this test) in addition to prefrontal ones (see Sun et al. 2005). Therefore, a conjunction of executive attention and facilitated visual processing by donepezil may have led to the increase in performance in this task. Although we found cholinergic effects it is not possible to determine whether the present finding are due to the activation of nicotinic or muscarinic receptors because donepezil increases the amount of acetylcholine that can activate all acetylcholine receptors. Both types of receptors have been found to interact functionally, having synergistic effects particularly on visuospatial attention (Greenwood et al. 2009), working memory, and vigilance tasks (see Ellis et al. 2006; Erskine et al. 2004) so our data may reflect the effects of their combined activation. In sum, acute oral administration of 7.5 mg of donepezil to young, healthy volunteers had a selective positive effect in executive dual-task performance that was seemingly independent of the donepezil-induced improvement on broad attentional processes (arousal/visuomotor/vigilance) and working memory slave systems, corroborating the proposal that this type of executive processing constitutes a separable cognitive construct. In addition, improvement in the digit span delta scores points to the role of cholinergic modulation on other central executive measures, possibly those that rely more heavily in visuospatial processing.